Most types of pain in the lower back can be treated without any surgery. In fact, in non indicated cases, surgery often does not resolve the pain; studies suggest that almost 20 to 40 percent of surgeries of the back are not successful to relieve the pain. This failure to correctly diagnose and prevent inadvertent surgery is so common that a medical term is coined for it: Failed back surgery syndrome.

Nonetheless, at times back surgery is a very viable option or necessary to treat serious musculoskeletal injuries, nerve compression or neurogenic claudication. Surgery should be considered only after exhausting all other options. Urgent surgery should be considered only in the case of Cauda Equina, impending Cauda Equina or post-traumatic unstable spine or paralysis or weakness in the limbs

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