Such technologies can be asynchronous, ie essentially bulletin boards where users post messages for others to view and respond to in their own time; or synchronous, ie communications take place in real time.

Synchronous conferencing applications originally consisted of text-based chat systems. As Internet bandwidths have increased substantially so these systems can now support audio-visual conferencing. In selecting the delivery mode consider: i) students based in developing countries may not have the technological capacity to supportfetc.org audio-visual, ii) those studying in a second language may find it easier to follow with a textual record appearing on the screen.

General purpose messaging software such as Windows Live Messenger, Skype, and Yahoo! Messenger can all be utilized for educational purposes. In many cases students may already be using these services. Alternatively a product designed specifically for e-learning such as Elluminate can be employed.

Synchronous software can support e-learning in a variety of ways, eg:

* Instructors deliver pre-arranged seminars on specific topics, mirroring on-campus lectures or tutorials. In such cases it's important to avoid the monologue and allow plenty of opportunity for participation to take advantage of real-time collaboration.

* Instructors and support staff have "office hours" periods in which students can raise any issues of concern.

* Specialist guest speakers may be invited to give presentations (from their own location) and answer questions.

* The facility could be made available for student-to-student collaboration, either on specific projects or for general peer support through the course.

Where the student body is internationally based the timing of sessions should be staggered to give everyone at least some chance to participate at a convenient local time. Different sessions could begin at different times, or (resources permitting) the same session could be offered twice (or more) to maximize opportunity for participation

Many people choose open or distance learning for the flexibility it offers. It's important not to compromise this flexibility by making participation in synchronous sessions mandatory.