Protein biosynthesis, also known as protein synthesis, is a fundamental biological process that occurs within cells. It involves the production of new proteins to balance the loss of cellular proteins through degradation or export. Proteins serve critical functions as enzymes, structural components, and hormones within the cell

The process of protein synthesis can be divided into two main phases: transcription and translation

Here's a brief overview:

Transcription: Transcription is the first step in protein synthesis. It takes place in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and the cytoplasm https://bbgate.com/media/4-mmc-mephedrone-synthesis-complete-video-... of prokaryotic cells. During transcription, a section of DNA encoding a specific protein, known as a gene, is transcribed into a complementary RNA molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA). This process is catalyzed by enzymes called RNA polymerases. In eukaryotes, the initial mRNA produced is a premature form called pre-mRNA, which undergoes post-transcriptional modifications to become mature mRNA. The mature mRNA is then exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Translation: Translation is the second step in protein synthesis and occurs in the cytoplasm. During translation, the mRNA is read by ribosomes, which are cellular structures composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. The information encoded in the mRNA is used to assemble a specific sequence of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome based on the codons (three-nucleotide sequences) on the mRNA. The ribosome catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids, resulting in the synthesis of a polypeptide chain. The polypeptide chain then folds into its functional protein structure

RNA synthesis, or transcription, is an integral part of protein biosynthesis. During transcription, RNA molecules are synthesized from DNA templates. The resulting RNA molecules, such as mRNA, play a crucial role in carrying the genetic information from DNA to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

In summary, protein biosynthesis involves the processes of transcription and translation. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses the mRNA as a template to synthesize proteins. These processes are essential for the production of functional proteins within cells.