The materials used for springs include both metallic and non-metallic types, and among metal springs there are many types, such as steel springs, stainless steel springs, nickel alloy springs and so on. Their properties vary, but must include reliability during high stress and cyclic loading.

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Steel material for springs comes in two types, materials which are heat treated during the spring manufacturing process, where the spring shape is formed by hot…

Steel comes in different grades that are determined by the amount of carbon, impurities and alloy elements. To guide you through, here are the main types of steel:

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Carbon steel

It accounts for over 90% of all steel produced. It contains only trace amounts of alloying elements and can be categorized into three groups that depend on the amount of carbon present. The main groups are:

Alloy steel

This steel contains alloying elements such as…